Artificial gynogenesis and its application in genetics. Three natural quasiasexual or quasisexual genetic modes hybridogenesis, hybridogenesis, and kleptogenesis can be described as parthenogeneticlike processes with added dashes of sex. The main objective of gynogenesis is to produce highly homozygous inbred lines in much shorter time than through the conventional breeding process. Furthermore, it has played an important role in fish genetic improvement and control of reproduction 20. Induction of gynogenesis and androgenesis in goldfish carassius. The main directions of this research are genetic sex regulation, chromosome set manipulation methods induced gynogenesis and polyploidy, inheritance of. Optimal conditions for ultraviolet inactivation of the sperm, and for suppression of the second meiotic. Manipulation of chromosomes in fish aquatic commons. Gynogenesis can be achieved by retention of the second polar body or suppression of the first. Pdf androgenesis, gynogenesis and the production of.
In the last years, however, several studies have applied these manipulations in about a dozen marine species, including mainly. Gamete preparation recipient egg as already indicated, the non visibility of egg nucleus of many fishes renders them not amenable for enucleation and elimination of maternal genome of the egg. View the article pdf and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. Artificial gynogenesis and its application in genetics and selective breeding of fishes. Ploidy and gynogenesis in tilapias oreochromis aureus. Gynogenesis, a process related to parthenogenesis, is the development of an ovum after penetration by a spermatozoan, but without syngamy.
The earliest experiments involved induction of gynogenesis. Gynogenesis is a special form of sexual reproduction in which insemination is necessary but the head of the sperm penetrating into the ovum. Pressure and cold shock induction of meiotic gynogenesis and. For the homozygous gynogenesis experiment, gametes were collected from muskellunge maintained in hatchery ponds for several seasons at the minor e. Gynogenesis in fish farming is used to form inbred lines to achieve proper hybridization and selective breeding. The scientific and practical significance of the data.
Prussian carp carassius gibelio united states fish and. Androgenesis, gynogenesis and the production of clones in. Induced gynogenesis is a unique tool for inbreeding purposes in teleost fish chour rout, 1988. Read induction of gynogenesis and androgenesis in goldfish carassius auratus var. Characterization of androgenetic and gynogenetic fish. Sperm nucleus is inactivated prior to fertilization by use of xrays, chemicals dimethyl sulphate.
Temperature or pressure shocks applied soon after fertilization resulted in the retention of the second polar body and reconstitution of diploidy. Radiationinduced gynogenesis and androgenesis in fish. So gynogenetic fish inherit genes only from mother. It occurs in some animals that are hybrids between species. Usgs, osu, and the oregon department of fish and wildlife. The induction of triploidy and gynogenesis by chromosome set manipulation has traditionally been studied more intensively in freshwater than in marine fish.
The prussian carp is a prolific fish species that is believed to be responsible for the decline of native fish, invertebrate and plant populations in different areas. Gynogenesis is a natural mode of reproduction in a few fishes. Triploidy in the european sea bass results in gonadal sterility in both sexes, which can be of advantage for its production in aquaculture although, only in larger fish, it may represent a. Gynogenesis is a method for producing fish in which all the genetic information originates from the female parent, i. Pdf androgenesis, gynogenesis and the production of clones in. The results obtained are presented and the light they shed on the timing of the mitotic and meiotic cell division in this species is discussed. Fish and aquaculture genetics the aquaculture genetics laboratory conducts research studies on many di. Manipulation of fish chromosomes dates back to the early part of this century. Furthermore, it is notorious for increasing water turbidity because of its habit of stirring up bottom sediments during feeding. Pdf manipulation of fish chromosomes dates back to the early part of this century. Department of life sciences, laboratory of fish immunology and genetics avtalion, r.
Gynogenesis, androgenesis introduction chromosome manipulation research has a short history in fish compared to that of crops and animals. Inspired by the recently introduced single sperm typing and by turning to account natural features of fish reproduction and development e. Induction of gynogenesis in muskellunge with irradiated. Females in the clonal or hemiclonal taxa that live these reproductive lifestyles are not virgins. Spontaneous and induced gynogenesis in sterlet acipenser. The induction of polyploidy, gynogenesis, and androgenesis. Induction of mitotic and meiotic gynogenesis and production of. Gynogenesis is the process of embryonic development with solely maternal genome and without paternal genetic input. Induced diploid gynogenesis and polyploidy in crucian carp, carassius auratus gibelio bloch. Artificial gynogenesis and its application in genetics and selective breeding of fishes springerlink. It is the process to produce individuals from maternal chromosomes only eventually to obtain homozygosity.
In this article we will discuss about the process of gynogenesis in fishes. For instance, diploid gynogenetic fish were observed to grow faster. Gynogenesis article about gynogenesis by the free dictionary. Katsutoshi arai, in reproductive biotechnology in finfish aquaculture, 2001. The sporophyte is the resultant of fertilization of male and female gametes and contains a set of chromosomes from each parent which genomic constitution is 2n.
The earliest experiments involved induction of gynogenesis with sperm inactivated by radiation or chemical treatments. When sperm of the fish oryzias latipes were irradiated with. Androgenesis definition is development of an embryo containing only paternal chromosomes due to failure of the egg to participate in fertilization. Poeciliopsis lucida, a bisexual species, provides sperm for these monosexual forms which i designate as cx, cy, and cz. Genetic analysis in carp cyprinus carpio using gynogenesis. The use of uv irradiation has also been evaluated to inactivate the dna of exposed gametes for the application of induced gynogenesis and androgenesis. Protocol h induction of gynogenesis using uvlight and cold shock pratical guide of protocols. Adult fish were treated with carp pituitary extract 34 days prior to the gamete collection. Induction of triploidy and gynogenesis in teleost fish with emphasis on marine species. It can be achieved artificially using various manipulations of events in fertilization and early. It involves an artificial reproduction, using uvirradiated sperm. Proceedings of the symposium on the early life history of fish, oban, scotland, 1973, pp. Dh animals have been produced in both marine and fresh water fish species, but most notably in the cyprinid and salmonid families.
Gynogenesis in the african catfish clarias burchell, 1822. Protocol h induction of gynogenesis using uvlight and. One of the practical goals of induced gynogenesis is the production of genetically identical population, i. The dominant life form of higher plants is the freeliving sporophyte. Form cy is a triploid that when testmated to males of various species produces allfemale, triploid offspring devoid of paternal characters. Ploidy and gynogenesis in tilapias oreochromis aureus, oreochromis niloticus 1988 don, j. Gynogenesis is a natural mode of reproduction in a few.
In animals, parthenogenesis means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell. The nuclear content of either the sperm or egg is destroyed by uv or gamma irradiation, and the treated gamete then is fused with an untreated egg or sperm to form a haploid embryo. The gynogenesis is defined as the process of development of ovum after penetration of sperm, but in the process the sperm nucleus is unable to form syngamy with the nucleus of ovum. Since 1943, early attempts were initiated, and until. Androgenesis, gynogenesis and the production of clones in fishes. Gynogenetic diploid axolotls were produced by activating eggs with ultravioletinactivated sperm, and then subjecting the activated eggs to heat shock. In the last years, however, several studies have applied these manipulations in about a dozen. Fish used for the study were progeny of broodstock maintained at the. During the offseason, broodstock were held under an artificial photoperiod with the aim of spawning each october to december. Effective uv dose and pressure shock for induction of. Induced diploid gynogenesis and polyploidy in crucian carp. Table 1 summarizes publications on the production of dh fish by gynogenesis g and androgenesis a. By haploid gynogenesis we have generated an average of 500 haploid female fry from each of 20 unrelated normal diploid dams.
Methodology article open access induction of diploid. Fish species that have external fertilization can be reproduced by induced parthenogenesis. Gharrett is at the juneau center, school of fisheries and ocean. Spontaneous and induced gynogenesis in sterlet acipenser ruthenus brandt foppbayat dorota and woznicki pawel university of warmia and mazury in olsztyn, department of ichthyology, 10957 olsztyn, poland. Gynogenesis reproduction without the intervention of the male parent is a natural method of reproduction in several fish species cherfas, 1981. Gynogenesis a special form of reproduction and development in which, after penetration of the egg cell by the sperm, their nuclei do not unite, and only the nucleus of the egg cell. Production of homozygous diploids homozygous diploid fish can be produced by first irradiating the sperm and activating a normal egg to develop gynogenesis, or irradiating the egg and fertilizing with a normal sperm androgenesis.
Compared with the uvinduced hertwig effect previously reported, the result of. Artificial gynogenesis and its application in genetics and selective. Induction of triploidy and gynogenesis in teleost fish. Induction of mitotic and meiotic gynogenesis and production of genetic clones in. Review of fish genetics and breeding research in vietnam 91 abstract a series of studies on fish genetics and breeding programs were conducted in vietnam in 1998. Induction of gynogenesis involves inseminating eggs with sperm inactivated by radioactive or uv irrradiation and restoring diploidy by thermal or pressure shocks. Gammaray irradiation of the sperm of the fish oryzias. Results of cytogenetic investigations and fish culture properties in hybrids are presented.
These programs included genetic control and manipulation of sex ratio. Androgenesis and homozygous gynogenesis in muskellunge. Advances in fish reproduction and their application to broodstock management. Female flounder broodstockrangedfrom37 years ofage and 1. Pdf induction of triploidy and gynogenesis in teleost. The author, who is an acknowledged expert in this subject, has drawn together a wealth of information, providing a book which should be bought by all fish biologists, fisheries scientists, geneticists and aquarists. Genetics and selections offish and artificial gynogenesis of the carp cyprinus carpio. Androgenesis definition of androgenesis by merriamwebster. Pdf fish species that have external fertilization can be reproduced by induced parthenogenesis. Gynogenesis and triploidy in the viviparous fish poeciliopsis.
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